The World Most Healthy Foods: February 2011

Friday, February 25, 2011

Poultry & Lean Meats - Lamb Health Benefits and Side Effects

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Lamb
Lamb is the meat from young sheep that are less than one year old. Although they are not consumed much in the North America but it is used in cooking some wonderful recipes throughout the world.

Nutritional supplements
1. Protein
2. B vitamin
3. Folate
4. Fat (Saturated and mono-unsaturated)
5. Zinc
6. Niacin
7. Selenium
8. Phosphorus
9. Iron
10. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Serum lipid profile
In the investigation of total and saturated fat intake in the management of high blood cholesterol levels for cardiovascular risk found that consumption of lean red meat (lamb) or lean white meat (chicken) as part of the usual diet is associated with a similar lipid response. These two foods can be exchanged in a healthy diet to increase palatability, according to "Effect of lean red meat from lamb v. lean white meat from chicken on the serum lipid profile: a randomised, cross-over study in women" by Mateo-Gallego R, Perez-Calahorra S, Cenarro A, Bea AM, Andres E, Horno J, Ros E, Civeira F.(a)

2. Hypercholesterolemia
In the investigation of intake of all meat, particularly red meat and theirs effect in lowering cholesterol found that Consumption of lean red meat or lean white meat, as part of an NCEP Step I diet, is similarly effective for reducing LDL cholesterol and elevating HDL cholesterol concentrations in free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia, according to "Incorporation of lean red meat into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet: a long-term, randomized clinical trial in free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia" by Hunninghake DB, Maki KC, Kwiterovich PO Jr, Davidson MH, Dicklin MR, Kafonek SD.(b)

3 . Blood pressure
In the research of Low-sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets and its health effect found that a low-sodium DASH diet with a low dietary acid load, which also included lean red meat on most days of the week, was effective in reducing BP in older women, particularly in those taking antihypertensive medications, according to "Low-sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension-type diet including lean red meat lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women" by Nowson CA, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Pachett A.(c)

4. Good Sources of Nutrient
In the investigation of "Lean meat and heart health" found that lean red meat consumption has no effect on in vivo and ex vivo production of thromboxane and prostacyclin or the activity of haemostatic factors. It is also a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, niacin, zinc and iron. In conclusion, lean red meat, trimmed of visible fat, which is consumed in a diet low in saturated fat does not increase cardiovascular risk factors (plasma cholesterol levels or thrombotic risk factors), according to "Lean meat and heart health" by Li D, Siriamornpun S, Wahlqvist ML, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ.(d)

5. Lean meat and over all health
In the observation of Dietary lean red meat and human evolution found that lean meat is a healthy and beneficial component of any well-balanced diet as long as it is fat trimmed and consumed as part of a varied diet, according to "Dietary lean red meat and human evolution" by Mann N.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(I)

2. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(II)

3. Selenium
Lamp contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

4. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

5. Vitamin B3
Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by
Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Zinc
Zinc beside promote healthy immune system in fighting against the forming of free radical and guarding our body from infection and inflammation due to foreign invasion, according to the study of "Essential role of vitamin C and zinc in child immunity and health" by Maggini S, Wenzlaff S, Hornig D., posted in PubMed (1) it is also an essential trace mineral for prostate health in assisting the male reproduction system to maintain healthy sperm production and against prostate cancer, according to the study of "The role of survivin and Bcl-2 in zinc-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells" by Ku JH, Seo SY, Kwak C, Kim HH., posted in PubMed(2).

2. Weigh loss
High levels of protein only is necessary for the body growth, according to the study of "A high-protein diet with resistance exercise training improves weight loss and body composition in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes" by Wycherley TP, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Cleanthous X, Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD., posted in pubMed(3) but also helps you feel satisfied longer, thus preventing the weigh gain.

3. Iron
Iron is one of important mineral in forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin, according to the study of "Glutathionyl Hemoglobin Is Elevated in Iron Deficiency Anemia" by Shet AS, Pinto SM, Mitra G, Mandal AK., posted in PubMed(4), thus helping to carry oxygen to the muscles for energy and enhancing the brain performance, including memory and concentration.

5. Mono-unsaturated fat
Lamb contains mono-unsaturated fat, that helps to reduce the risk of bad cholesterol accumulation in the blood stream, causing hypertension and heart diseases and stroke., according to the study of "Dietary fats and oils: technologies for improving cardiovascular health" by Flickinger BD, Huth PJ., posted in PubMed(5)

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Saturated fat may cause clotting up of the arteries and vein.
2. Purines in lamp can cause the forming of kidney stone and problem for certain people.
3. Etc.

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Poultry & Lean Meats - Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Health Benefits and Side Effects

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Chicken
Chicken are domesticated fowl belonging to the subspecies of Gallus domesticus and is raised all over the world for its delicious meats and eggs. It can be roasted, broiled, grilled or poached into a very delicious, tasteful and nutritious meal.

Nutritional Supplements
In order to prevent the high levels in take of saturated fat (bad cholesterol), it is recommended to remove the skin before cooking.
1. Proteins
2. Cholesterol (LDL and HDL)
3. Vitamin B3
4. Vitamin B6
5. Selenium
6. Phosphorus
7. Iron
8.Choline
9. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Vitamins and minerals
In the classification of protein hydrolysates. Calcium, phosphorus and iron were analyzed by inductively coupled-plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry; vitamin C was analyzed by the reduction of cupric ions and vitamins B1 and B2 by fluorescence in beef, chicken, and turkey found that the beef hydrolysate (BH) had more iron than the turkey hydrolysate (TH) and the chicken hydrolysate (CH); TH had a little more phosphorus. BH had the largest amount of vitamin C, and similar amounts of vitamins B1 and B2. The amount of these nutrients found in the hydrolysates suggests that it is possible to use them to enrich special dietary formulations, according to "Mineral and vitamin content of beef, chicken, and turkey hydrolysates mineral and vitamin content of protein hydrolysates" by Maria Elisabeth Machado Pinto e SilvaI, Ive PatonI, Marlene TrigoI; Maria Carolina B. C. von AtzingenI, Carmem S. KiraII, Emiko I. InomataII, Leda C. A. LamardoII(a)

2. Hypercholesterolemia
In the research of the contribution of beef, pork, lamb, and veal to total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake from a total-diet standpoint found that Substituting skinless chicken or fish for meat may make sense from the standpoint of personal preference and dietary variety but does not confer additional benefits in terms of reducing blood cholesterol levels, according to "Hypercholesterolemia. Dietary advice for patients regarding meat" by Keenan JM, Morris DH.(b)

3. Iron and zinc
In the evaluation of Reducing red meat intake to lower serum cholesterol may also lower iron and zinc intake found that although serum ferritin level change between baseline and intervention was significantly different between the lean beef and lean poultry and fish groups (median [interquartile range] 0.7 [-6, 8] and -6.8 [-12, 2] microg/dL, respectively), the drop in the lean poultry and fish group was not clinically significant. No differences were observed in iron and zinc intake or in serum zinc and cholesterol levels. Teenagers eating diets low in saturated fat may benefit from adequate amounts of lean red meat, according to "Adolescents eating diets rich in either lean beef or lean poultry and fish reduced fat and saturated fat intake and those eating beef maintained serum ferritin status" by Snetselaar L, Stumbo P, Chenard C, Ahrens L, Smith K, Zimmerman B.(c)

4. Nutrients
In the investigation of food selection of the healthy elderly may be influenced by life-styles, the food supply, and recommendations related to diet and disease found that a moderate but not excessive intake of meat/poultry/fish made a substantial contribution to nutrient intake. The fat contribution of these food groups could be decreased by emphasizing lower-fat selections of meat, poultry, and fish, according to "Meat, poultry, and fish consumption and nutrient intake in the healthy elderly" by Koehler KM, Hunt WC, Garry PJ.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin B complex

a) Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is one of very important vitamin in metabolism of energy by helping the transforming of fats, proteins and carbohydrates and high dose riboflavin appears to be useful alone or along with beta-blockers in the prevention of migraine, according to the study of "Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial" by Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9484373)

b) Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by

Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

c) Vitamin B6

c. 1. Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)

c.2. It also plays a pivotal role as a methyl donor in the basic cellular process of methylation, through which methyl groups are transferred from one molecule to another, resulting in the formation of a wide variety of precess, including regulation of gene expression, protein function, and RNA metabolism. When levels of B6 are inadequate, it may cause faulty Methylation with high levels of homocysteine that can cause variety of disease, including cervical dysplasia, faulty detoxification and impaired DNA repair, etc., according to the study of "Back To Life Natural Health Center - Healthcare Through Natural Methods"(http://www.backtolifehealth.com/Methylation.htm)

d) Vitamin B12
In the evaluation of vitamin B12 in Turnip greens found that vitamin Bi2 was present in the
leaves of a higher plant in amounts. there is no evidence supporting the synthesis of vitamin Bi2 by a higher plant. Was it produced by soil microorganisms and subsequently absorbed via the plant roots? There is ample proof of such synthetic activity by certain microorganisms and of vitamin B12 activity in soil , but no evidence that the vitamin B]2molecule is absorbed by the plant from the soil. Could it have been produced by bacteria living epiphytically
on the turnip leaf? Ericson and Lewis ('54) postulated such a relationship in their studies of vitamin Bt2 compounds found in certain algae, according to "STUDIES OF VITAMIN B12IN TUENIP GREENS" by LOUISE F. GEAY ANDLOUISE J. DANIEL(http://jn.nutrition.org/content/67/4/623.full.pdf)

2. Protein
Protein beside is important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood, it also enhances the nervous system in information transmitting between cells and cells of the other parts of the body, thus reducing the risk of nervous tension, (according to the study of "The planar polarity protein Scribble1 is essential for neuronal plasticity and brain function" by Moreau MM, Piguel N, Papouin T, Koehl M, Durand CM, Rubio ME, Loll F, Richard EM, Mazzocco C, Racca C, Oliet SH, Abrous DN, Montcouquiol M, Sans N, posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660256)

3. Iron
Beside as a mineral in carrying life-giving oxygen to human blood cells and maintaining robust health as an essential protein component for metabolism, it also helps in synthesis of a number of essential neurotransmitters like dopamine, nor-epinephrine, along with serotonin. acccording to the study of "Brain Iron Dysregulation and the Risk of Ageing White Matter Lesions" by Gebril OH, Simpson JE, Kirby J, Brayne C, Ince PG., posted in PubMed, researchers found that The mRNA expression using QPCR suggests a pattern that favours decreased intracellular iron influx, increased ferrous oxidation and increased iron export from the cells. Iron metabolism seems to be changed in brains with WML, increased elemental iron in these brains and in turn increased production of free oxidative radicals could represent a potentiating factor for the development of ageing WML.

4. Selenium
In the investigation of genistin and selenium and their effect in breast cancer found that Supplementation of genistin alone or with selenium provided antioxidant defense with high-potential chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors more than selenium alone, according to "Prevention of rat breast cancer by genistin and selenium" by Hamdy SM, Latif AK, Drees EA, Soliman SM.(I)

5. phosphorus
Phosphorus is one of essential trace minerals to maintains healthy teeth and bones, according to the study of "Phosphorus nutrition and the treatment of osteoporosis" by Heaney RP, posted in PubMed (II).

6. Calcium
In the investigation of micronutrients, calcium (Ca) and inorganic (i) phosphate (P) ,the two main constituents of hydroxyapatite and theirs effect on bone health found that they are endowed with a transport system that accumulates Pi inside the matrix vesicles, followed by the influx of Ca ions. This process leads to the formation of hydroxyapatite crystal and its subsequent association with the organic matrix collagen fibrils. In addition to this structural role, both Ca and Pi positively influence the activity of bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells. Pi plays a role in the maturation of osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone. Osteocytes are implicated in bone mineralization and systemic Pi homeostasis, according to "Calcium and phosphate: a duet of ions playing for bone health" by Bonjour JP.(III)

7. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cholesterol
The chicken of skin contains about 50 - 50 good and bad cholesterol. We know that cholesterol good or bad are necessary for keeping good health for all the cells in the body, including brain cells, according to the study of "Liposome formulated with TAT-modified cholesterol for improving brain delivery and therapeutic efficacy on brain glioma in animals" by Qin Y, Chen H, Zhang Q, Wang X, Yuan W, Kuai R, Tang J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Liu J, He Q., posted in PubMed(1) Too much of bad cholesterol can cause clotting up the arteries and veins and hardening the arterial walls, leading to break off or blocking the flow, causing heart disease and stroke, according to the study of "Dietary fat and cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults: the Health ABC Study" by Houston DK, Ding J, Lee JS, Garcia M, Kanaya AM, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB; Health ABC Study, posted in PubMed(2). It is advised that people with high levels of bad cholesterol should avoid to eat chicken and replace it with plant base cholesterol.

2. Reduce the risk of cancer
B vitamin- niacin is important component of the enzyme systems that repair broken DNA molecules. Deficiency of niacin can cause genetic DNA damage, leading to cancer, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency and cancer in women" by Jacobson EL., posted in PubMed(3), the researchers wrote that Studies of the consequences of DNA damage in cultured mouse and human cells as a function of niacin status have supported the hypothesis that niacin may be a protective factor that limits carcinogenic events.

3. Antioxidant
Since it contain high levels of selenium which the essential trace minerals necessary for the major metabolic pathways and immune system in fighting against the forming of free radicals and prevent the invasion of foreign virus and bacteria, causing irregular cells growth, infection and inflammation, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Collagen
Collagen from the chicken leg, a fibrous protein, is used to connect and support other body tissues, has an ability to act as an ACE inhibitor in reducing blood pressure in people with hypertension, acording to the study of "Therapeutic effects of marine collagen peptides on Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and primary hypertension" by Zhu CF, Li GZ, Peng HB, Zhang F, Chen Y, Li Y, posted in PubMed(5), researchers wrote that MCPs(Marine collagen peptides) supplement may benefit glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, renal function and hypertension management in Chinese patients with T2DM and hypertension

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Increases the risk of heart attack and stoke, due to bad cholesterol.
2. Purines in all meat, including chicken can cause health problems in some individuals due to excess of uric acid.
3. Etc.

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The World Most Healthy Foods - Seafoods - Shrimp's health benefits and side effects

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Shrimp
Unlike their close relative, lobsters and crayfish, shrimp are swimming decapod crustaceans classified in the family of Animalia, lived in both fresh and salt water, are found in any continent around the world. They were one of the species once considered elevating bad cholesterol, but in the later study found that they help to drop the triglyceride levels due to rich of Omega 3 fatty acid.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Omega-3 fatty acids
2. Selenium
3. Vitamin D
4. Vitamin B12
5. Niacin
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Iron
9. Zinc
10. Copper
11.Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Anti bacteria and virus
In the assesment of two C-type lectins from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (designated as LvLectin-1 and LvLectin-2) and theirs effect in anti cmicrobal activity, found that the two C-type lectins might be involved in immune response toward pathogen infection, and they might perform different recognition specificity toward bacteria or virus, according to "Two C-type lectins from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei that might be involved in immune response against bacteria and virus" by Wei X, Liu X, Yang J, Fang J, Qiao H, Zhang Y, Yang J.(a)

2. Antihypertensive peptides
In the investigation of the izumi shrimp caught off the southern coast of Tokushima Prefecture and its effect in blood pressure found that angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides isolated from the izumi shrimp hydrolysate had an anti-hypertensive effect on rats. according to" Determination of antihypertensive peptides from an izumi shrimp hydrolysate" by Nii Y, Fukuta K, Yoshimoto R, Sakai K, Ogawa T(b)

3. Cardiovascular excitatory effect
In the determination of the cardioexcitatory substance (CES) isolated from the eyestalk of the shrimp and theirs effect on the cardiovascular system found that cardioexcitatory substance (CES) isolated from the shrimp eyesta lk produces hypertension and tachycardia mediated by adrenergic receptors in association to calcium channels activation. according to "Cardiovascular excitatory effect on rats of a fraction isolated from the eyestalk of shrimp: Peneaus vanameii" by Rosa F, Cedeño J, León L, Estrada O, Romero-Vecchione E, Vásquez J, Antequera R.(c)

4. Fibrinolytic enzyme
In the research of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme, purified from fermented shrimp paste, a popular seasoning used in Asian countries and its effect on cardiovascular diseases found that the novel fibrinolytic enzyme derived from traditional Asian foods is useful for thrombolytic therapy. In addition, this enzyme has a significant potential for food fortification and nutraceutical applications, such that its use could effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases, according to "Novel fibrinolytic enzyme in fermented shrimp paste, a traditional asian fermented seasoning" by Wong AH, Mine Y.(d)

5.Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Tryptophan
Tryptophan in dried bean is not only essential for normal growth and balanced out nitrogen in the body, it is also an antioxidant that helps to enhances the immune system in fighting against the forming of free radical and foreign invasion, thus reducing the risk of inflammation and infection. By enhancing the immune system, trytophan also inhiblts the cancer cells growth, in a study of "Uveal melanoma expression of indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase: establishment of an immune privileged environment by tryptophan depletion." by Chen PW, Mellon JK, Mayhew E, Wang S, He YG, Hogan N, Niederkorn JY., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that Addition of the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl dl-tryptophan significantly diminished kynurenine levels in IFN-gamma treated uveal melanoma cell cultures...... IFN-gamma inducible IDO upregulation by primary and metastatic uveal melanoma may generate a local immune privileged microenvironment to promote escape from T cell-mediated immune surveillance.

2. Selenium
Lamp contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(I)

4. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

5. Iron
Iron is one of important mineral in forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin, according to the study of "Glutathionyl Hemoglobin Is Elevated in Iron Deficiency Anemia" by Shet AS, Pinto SM, Mitra G, Mandal AK., posted in PubMed(II), thus helping to carry oxygen to the muscles for energy and enhancing the brain performance, including memory and concentration.

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cholesterol
Shrimp once were thought to contain high levels of bad cholesterol, causing clot up and harden the arterial wall and vein of blood vessel. Today new study found out that shrimp contain high levels of Omega 3 fatty acids, which not only help to balance the omega 6 fatty acids to reduce the production of prostaglandin hormone that causes menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea" by Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, Kowalski O, Duguet N, Dupuis S., posted in PubMed(1) but also promotes blood flow to the reproductive organ by reducing the LDL cholesterol in the blood stream according to the article of "Health Benefits of Omega 3 fatty acids" by Gloria Tsang, RD of HealthCastle.com posted in Jul 2005; Updated in Mar 2010(2)

2. Heart diseases and stroke
As the levels of bad cholesterol increasing, the walls arteries and vein hardening, it may cause break off small vein or blocked off large arteries and veins, causing stroke and heart disease, Omega 3 fatty acids eliminate the bad cholesterol, thus decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the study of 'The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): Rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease" by Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee IM, Cook NR, Albert MA, Gordon D, Zaharris E, Macfadyen JG, Danielson E, Lin J, Zhang SM, Buring JE., posted in PubMed(3)

3. Hypertension
As the bad cholesterol clotted up the arteries and vein, it increases the function of heart in blood circulation by increasing the pressure. Omega 3 fatty acids eliminate the bad cholesterol, thus decreasing the risk of high blood pressure, according to the study of "Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertension in humans" by Mori TA., posted in PubMed(4)

4. Antioxidants
Shrimp contains high levels of selenium, it is one most powerful antioxidant that affects the DNA repairing and synthesis in damaged cells by inhibiting the spread and growth of cancer cells, according to the study of "Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)" by Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr., posted in PubMed(5).

5. Zinc
Zinc is one of the controlling nutrients for progesterone production in women, according to the study of "Copper/Zinc-Superoxide Dismutase Insufficiency Impairs Progesterone Secretion and Fertility in Female Mice" by Noda Y, Ota K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T., posted in PubMed(6) and important trace minerals in effecting the function of prostate gland to assist the production of normal sperm in men, according to the study of "The effect of zinc on the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone by the hyperplastic human prostate gland" by Leake A, Chisholm GD, Habib FK., posted in PubMed(6).

6. Etc.

Side effects
1. Allergic reactions
2. Purines
Excess intake of shrimp can cause the accumulation of purines in the body, leading to high levels of uric acid.
3. Etc.

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

The World Most Healthy Foods -Seafoods - Salmon's health benefits and side effects

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Salmon
Salmon is the common name for Salmonidae. They are anadromous, born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then travel thousands of miles in the deep sea cold water throughout their life cycle and within to five years returning to the exacted location where they were born to reproduce and die.

Nutritional supplements
1. Protein
2. Omega-3 fatty acids
3. B vitamins
4. Vitamin D
5. Astaxanthin
is a potent antioxidant that stimulates the development of healthy fish nervous systems and enhances the fish's fertility and growth rate.
6. Selenium
7. Tryptophan
8. Magnesium
9. Phosphorus
10. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Triacylglycerols
In the investigation of Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) found that intake of cod or salmon when compared with the control group. In conclusion, both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein, according to "Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2 Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects" by Telle-Hansen VH, Larsen LN, Høstmark AT, Molin M, Dahl L, Almendingen K, Ulven SM.(a)

2. Weight loss
In the investigation of supplementation with n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFA) and its effect in body weight, found that At the end of the 1-month period, 16 children lost weight and 27 children gained weight. Multiple analysis demonstrated that supplementation with n3-LCPUFA decreased HOMA-IR by 15% after adjusting for puberty, treatment adherence, changes in adipokines, and weight loss. Interaction between supplementation and weight loss was significant (p = 0.007), according to "Supplementation of n3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synergistically Decreases Insulin Resistance with Weight Loss of Obese Prepubertal and Pubertal Children" by López-Alarcón M, Martínez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J.(b)

3. Cholesterol
In the assessment of an increasing drive to replace fish oil (FO) in finfish aquaculture diets with vegetable oils (VO), driven by the short supply of FO derived from wild fish stocks,
found that these effects are most likely mediated by SREBP2, which responds to reductions in dietary cholesterol. These changes are sufficient to maintain whole body cholesterol levels but not HUFA levels, according to "Functional genomics reveals increases in cholesterol biosynthetic genes and highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis after dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)" by Leaver MJ, Villeneuve LA, Obach A, Jensen L, Bron JE, Tocher DR, Taggart JB.(c)

d. Coronary heart disease
In determination of Omega-3-fatty acids play a protective role in the prevention of CHD,
found that The treatment with salmon oil led to a decrease of triglycerides in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and to an increase of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia. Following the increase of malondialdehyde as measure of the lipid peroxidation a substitution of antioxidants, like vitamin E and vitamin C, seems to be useful. Further investigations are necessary before wide use of fish-oil capsules, not least to avoid side-effects, according to "[Changes in parameters of lipid metabolism and anti-oxidative potentials in elderly hyperlipoproteinemic patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids].[Article in German]" by Reuter W, Vorberg B, Sauer I, Krumpolt C.(d)

5. Antioxidants
In the research of the antioxidant effect of vitamin E after ingestion of salmon found that that megadoses of vitamin E, far from having pro-oxidative activity, actually increase the anti-oxidative capacity of the liver, especially after ingestion of salmon oil, according to "Effects of megadoses of dietary vitamin E on the antioxidant status of rats fed lard or salmon oil" by Flader D, Brandsch C, Hirche F, Eder K.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin D
Vitamin D not only is important to the heart health with calcium supplementation, according to "Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular event` by Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD.(Ia) but also plays an vital role in epidemiological associations between vitamin D status and a large number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, according to "Vitamin D and inflammation" by Guillot X, Semerano L, Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Falgarone G, Boissier MC.(I)

2. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

3. Tryptophan
It is one of important element in assisting the production of serotonin hormone of which is essential to enhance relaxation and sleep, according to the study of "The tryptophan depletion test. Impact on sleep in healthy subjects and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" by Huwig-Poppe C, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F., posted in PubMed(IV) and reduces the risk of , panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the study of "Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder" by Hood SD, Hince DA, Davies SJ, Argyropoulos S, Robinson H, Potokar J, Nutt DJ., posted in PubMed (II)

4. Selenium
Salmon contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

5. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(III)

6. Omega 3 fatty acids
Omega 3 fatty acids is necessary to maintain the ratio of good and bad cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of cholesterol inflammation according to the study of "In vitro fatty acid enrichment of macrophages alters inflammatory response and net cholesterol accumulation" by Wang S, Wu D, Lamon-Fava S, Matthan NR, Honda KL, Lichtenstein AH., posted in PubMed (IV) and forming of free radical in the heart cells, leading to heart diseases. It also reduces the risk of plaque forming in the arterial wall, thus also decreasing the risk of stoke, according to the study of "N-3 vs. saturated fatty acids: effects on the arterial wall" by Sudheendran S, Chang CC, Deckelbaum RJ., posted in PubMed (V).

7. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cardiovascular disease
It contains high levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids that helps to reduce the levels of bad cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of hardening of arteries and veins and damaging the functions of amino acids in repairing the cardiovascular tissues according to the study of "Fish oil for the treatment of cardiovascular disease" by Weitz D, Weintraub H, Fisher E, Schwartzbard AZ, posted in PubMed(1)

2. High blood pressure
Since Omega 3 fatty acids lower cholesterol level, it also reduces the risk hypertension, leading to prevent hardening of walls of arteries and veins, causing heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Long-chain omega-3 Fatty acids and blood pressure" by Liu JC, Conklin SM, Manuck SB, Yao JK, Muldoon MF., posted in PubMed(2), researchers wrote that increasing DHA (Docosahexanenoic acid) consumption through diet modification rather than large dose supplementation represents a candidate strategy for future studies of hypertension prevention.American Journal of Hypertension (2011). doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.120.

3. Insulin sensitive
Researchers in the University of California and San Diego School of Medicine found that the omega-3 fatty acids trigger this macrophage receptor, which results in improved systemic insulin sensitivity, by identifying an important receptor on macrophages which is found plentifully in obese body fat.

4. Menstrual cycle
Imbalance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids can cause the over production of prostaglandin hormone, leading to over reaction of the abdominal muscle, causing menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea" by Moghadamnia AA, Mirhosseini N, Abadi MH, Omranirad A, Omidvar S., posted in PubMed(4), researchers wrote that the treatment groups reported a significant difference after 3 months of supplementation with fish oil (visual analogue scale score 20.9 compared with 61.8 for the placebo (P= 0.001).

5. Anti inflammation
It is said the Omega 3 fatty acids beside reduced the risk of inflammatory effects on our joints and improved blood flow, by regulating the migration of inflammatory cells that cause inflammation, but also autoimmune diseases as a result of the elevation of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids, according to the study of "Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases" by

Simopoulos AP., posted in PubMed(5)

6. Etc.

Side effects
1. Research has revealed canthaxanthin may have negative effects on the human eye, accumulating in the retina, according to the study of "Canthaxanthin retinopathy: long-term observations" by Hueber A, Rosentreter A, Severin M., posted in PubMed(5)
2. Upset stomach and brief nausea, sometimes accompanied by flatulence.
3. Parasites if it is eaten raw
4. Etc.

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The World Most Healthy Foods -Whole Grain - Whole wheat (Triticum)s health benefits and side effects

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Whole wheat
Wheat is a type of glass originally from the Middle East, but now cultivated worldwide for commercial purposes. In its natural unrefined state, it contains many important nutrients that can help nourish the healthy body and enhances fertility in men and women alike.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Protein
4. Vitamin B Complex
5. Tryptophan
6. Calcium
7. Iron
8. Magnesium
9. Manganese
10. Phosphorus
11. Potassium
12. Zinc
13. Etc.

Heath Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic effects
In the assessment to the effects of 6-week consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread in comparison to white bread on fasting serum lipids in normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic (NGI; n = 14) and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic (HGI; n = 14) adults, found that add to limited literature comparing wheat whole grains to wheat refined grains on CVD risk and highlight the need to consider genetic variation in relation to lipoprotein lipid content and CVD risk, according to "The effect of whole grain wheat sourdough bread consumption on serum lipids in healthy normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic adults depends on presence of the APOE E3/E3 genotype: a randomized controlled trial" by Tucker AJ, Mackay KA, Robinson LE, Graham TE, Bakovic M, Duncan AM.(a)

2. Prostate cancer progression
In the investigation of rye whole grain and bran products (RP) or refined wheat products with added cellulose (WP) and theirs effect on pregression of prostate cancer found that Daily excretion of 5 lignans was higher after the RP treatment than after the WP treatment (P < 0.001). We conclude that whole grain and bran from rye resulted in significantly lower plasma PSA compared with a cellulose-supplemented refined wheat diet in patients with prostate cancer. The effect may be related to inhibition of prostate cancer progression caused by decreased exposure to insulin, as indicated by plasma insulin and urinary C-peptide excretion, according to "Rye whole grain and bran intake compared with refined wheat decreases urinary C-peptide, plasma insulin, and prostate specific antigen in men with prostate cancer" by Landberg R, Andersson SO, Zhang JX, Johansson JE, Stenman UH, Adlercreutz H, Kamal-Eldin A, Aman P, Hallmans G.(b)

3. Antioxidants
In the classification of Anthocyanins of whole purple wheat, unpolished red rice, and partially polished red rice before and after processing to produce infant cereals and it antioxidant efect found that purple wheat infant cereals had higher cellular antioxidant activity than unpolished red rice ones (p < 0.05). Whole purple wheat infant cereals showed higher antioxidant activity than the commercial infant cereal, suggesting a possibility of improving infant antioxidant status by incorporating this grain in their diet, according to "Comparative Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Infant Cereals Produced from Purple Wheat and Red Rice Grains and LC-MS Analysis of Their Anthocyanins" by Hirawan R, Diehl-Jones W, Beta T.(c)

4. Glucose and Lipid metabolism
In the observation of Whole grain products, fish and bilberries and theirs effect on Glucose and Lipid metabolism found that the diet rich in whole grain and low insulin response grain products, bilberries, and fatty fish improve glucose metabolism and alter the lipidomic profile. Therefore, such a diet may have a beneficial effect in the efforts to prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk persons, according to "Whole grain products, fish and bilberries alter glucose and lipid metabolism in a randomized, controlled trial: the Sysdimet study" by Lankinen M, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Paananen J, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H, Seppänen-Laakso T, Gylling H, Uusitupa M, Orešič M.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteroposis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(4)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(I)

2. Dietary fiber
Since it contains high levels of fiber, it reduces the risk of type II diabetes and insulin sensitive, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F., posted in PubMed(II)

3. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(III)

4. Magnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(6) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(IV)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Weight control and body organs
Since whole wheat in its natural state, it contains high amount of fiber that can reduce the fluctuation of insulin and the risk of depress of pancreas that can increase appetite and weigh gain., according to the study of "The effect of using whole wheat grain in the diet of game pheasants on their body weight, dimensions and development of some internal organs" by Kokoszyński D, Bernacki Z, Cisowska A., posted in PubMed(1).

2. Diabetes
Since fiber also reduces the risk of insulin sensitive by releasing sugar slowly in to blood stream, thus decreasing the risk of type II diabetes, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F., posted pubMed(2).

3. High blood pressure, heart disease and stroke
As we mention in the previous article, high levels of magnesium reduces the risk of blood clot by dilating blood vessels, according to the study of "Magnesium causes nitric oxide independent coronary artery vasodilation in humans" by Teragawa H, Kato M, Yamagata T, Matsuura H, Kajiyama G., posted in PubMed(3), thus decreasing the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke.

4. Cholesterol Levels
Whole wheat contains plant sterols and stanols which are proven to be effective in slowing the progression of atherosclerosis by reserving atherosclerosis naturally caused by cholesterol builds up the plaques inside the arteries, leading arteries clogged, resulting in cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism" by Calpe-Berdiel L, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F., posted in PubMed(4).

5. Breast cancer
High levels of lignan in whole wheat acts as antioxidant that improves the immune function in fighting against irregular cell growth, thus reducing the risk of cancer, according to the study of " Avemar, a nontoxic fermented wheat germ extract, attenuates the growth of sensitive and 5-FdUrd/Ara-C cross-resistant H9 human lymphoma cells through induction of apoptosis"byAgarwal RP, Grusch M, Hidvégi M, Jaeger W, Krupitza G, Lackner A, Madlener S, Ozsvar-Kozma M, Saiko P, Szekeres T, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Graser G posted in Journal: Oncology Reports Release date: 2009 (5), researchers found that Avemar exerts a number of beneficial effects which could support conventional chemotherapy of human malignancies.

6. Etc.

Side effects
1. Gliadin in whole wheat can weaken the immune system, leading to inflammation.
2. Wheat allergy.
3. Oxalates

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Whole Grain - Oats ((Avena sativa) Health Benefits and Side Effects

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Oat
Oat is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed and was first cultivated in Europe but is now grown all over the world, especially in Scotland and England. It is one of good crop to plant in the poor soil after crops are harvested in the Fall.

Nutritional supplements
1. Dietary fiber
2. Protein
3. B vitamins
4. Vitamin E
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Calcium
8. Zinc.
9. Selenium
10. Tryptophan
11. Phosphorus
12. Manganese
9. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Polyphenols
In the investigation of beta-glucan of Oats and its effect in heart health found that the polyphenols of oats have also recently been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anti-itching activity, which may provide additional protection against coronary heart disease, colon cancer, and skin irritation, according to "Potential health benefits of avenanthramides of oats" by Meydani M.(a)

2. Cholesterol
In the assessment of oats' contents of soluble fibers, beta-glucans and their s effect on cholesterol-lowering properties found that Oat bran supplemented to a Western diet lowers plasma cholesterol, reduces levels of some inflammatory markers, increases eNOS expression and inhibits atherosclerotic lesion development in LDLr(-/-) mice. It remains to be investigated which components in oats contribute to these effects, according to "Oats (Avena sativa) reduce atherogenesis in LDL-receptor-deficient mice" by Andersson KE, Svedberg KA, Lindholm MW, Oste R, Hellstrand P.(b)

3. Celiac disease
In the study of introduction of oats in Celiac disease, die an immune-mediated disease found that The incorporation of oats into a gluten-free diet provides high fiber and vitamin B content, increased palatability, and beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. However, it is recommended that individuals with celiac disease should have both initial and long-term assessments by a health professional when introducing pure oats into a gluten-free diet, according to "Introduction of oats in the diet of individuals with celiac disease: a systematic review" by Pulido OM, Gillespie Z, Zarkadas M, Dubois S, Vavasour E, Rashid M, Switzer C, Godefroy SB.(c)

4. Coronary heart disease
In the assessment of types of carbohydrates, including whole grains and its effect on coronary heart disease (CHD) indicated that whole grain intake consistently has been associated with improved cardiovascular disease outcomes, but also with healthy lifestyles, in large observational studies. Intervention studies that assess the effects of whole grains on biomarkers for CHD have mixed results, according to "Effects of whole grains on coronary heart disease risk" by

Harris KA, Kris-Etherton PM.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Manganese
Manganese beside is a mineral essential for energy production and metabolism of foods, it also helps to improve immune-system functioning that reduces the risk of inflammation, according to the study of "The effects of 3, 4 or 5 amino salicylic acids on manganese-induced neuronal death: ER stress and mitochondrial complexes" by Yoon H, Lee GH, Kim DS, Kim KW, Kim HR, Chae HJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477646 researchers indicated that the salicylate analogues and the antioxidants did not mediate ER stress in this model. The salicylate analogues reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reversed the deficient mitochondrial membrane potential that was induced by Mn. Taken together, the 3, 4, 5 ASA worked in a similar way, regulating the Mn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and protecting cells.

2. Selenium
Oat contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Phosphorus
Beside providing strength to bones and teeth by working together with calcium according to the study of `[The effect of one year therapy with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on growth velocity, calcium-phosphorus metabolism, bone mineral density and changes in body composition in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD)].[Article in Polish]`by Zak T, Basiak A, Zubkiewicz-Kucharska A, Noczyńska A., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20529605), it also works with riboflavin and niacin to improve the digestive system in absorbing vital nutrients.

4. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(I)

5. Magnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(II) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(III)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Fiber
Since it contains high levels of fiber, it reduces the risk of type II diabetes and insulin sensitive, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Beta-glucan
High levels of beta-glucan in oat, helps to reduce the risk of lung injury by reducing systemic inflammatory response, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the lung tissue, pulmonary microvascular leakage, and inhibiting leukocyte infiltration into the lung tissue, according to the study of "β-Glucan protects against lung injury induced by abdominal aortic ischemia-reperfusion in rats" by Gulmen S, Kiris I, Kocyigit A, Dogus DK, Ceylan BG, Meteoglu I., posted in PubMed(2)

3. Avenanthramides
The ingredients of avenanthramides and phenolic acids in oat protect the LDL cholesterol against the forming of free radicals by inducing the functions of copper and selenium against oxidation, according to the study of "Avenanthramides and phenolic acids from oats are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation" by Chen CY, Milbury PE, Kwak HK, Collins FW, Samuel P, Blumberg JB., posted in PubMed(3)

4. Immune system
Selenium in Oat improves the immune system in fighting the foreign invasion of virus and bacteria causes of infection and inflammation, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Magnesium
Magnesium is a powerful mineral that prevents the platelet clumping together by dilating blood vessels and reduces the risk of dangerous heart rhythms, thus decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "Role of dietary magnesium in cardiovascular disease prevention, insulin sensitivity and diabetes" by Bo S, Pisu E., posted in PubMed(5)

5. Etc.

Side effects
1. Aveninin oat may trigger a reaction of coeliacs
2. No others are known

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19941618
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553794
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19595389
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20820954

(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332
(II) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21967159
(III) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951617

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20888583
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15173412
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18196987

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