The World Most Healthy Foods: March 2011

Monday, March 14, 2011

Whole Grains - Millet (Echinochloa) Health Benefits and Side Effects

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Millet
Millet is one of the oldest foods known to humans and a group of small-seeded species of grains, genus of Echinochloa and family Poaceae and widely grown around the world for food. It has been cultivated in Africa and India as a staple food for thousands of years.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrate
2. Protein
3. Fat
4. Ash
5. Dietary Fiber
6. Calcium
7. Iron
8. Magnesium
9. Phosphorus
10. Potassium
11. Sodium
12. Zinc
13. Copper
14. Manganese
15. Selenium
16. Vitamin C
17. Thiamin Vitamin B1
18. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
19. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
20. Pantothenic (Vitamin B5)
21. Vitamin B6
22. Folate
23. Folic Acid
24. Vitamin B12
25. Vitamin A
26. Vitamin E
27. Etc.

Health benefits

A. Health Benefits according to studies

1. Breast cancer

In the evaluation of organic extracts on seedling growth of Amaranthus leucocarpus and Echinochloa crus-galli and their effects in cancers found that there is a significant cytotoxic activity against cultured P-388 and human breast cancer cells (ED50 2.2 micrograms/ml), according to the study of "Tricolorin A, major phytogrowth inhibitor from Ipomoea tricolor" by Pereda-Miranda R, Mata R, Anaya AL, Wickramaratne DB, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD.(a)

2. Diabetes

In the study of consumption of finger millet based diets on hyperglycemia and it effects in diabetes found that Consumption of finger millet based diets resulted in significantly lower plasma glucose levels, according to the study of "Effect of consumption of finger millet on hyperglycemia in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) subjects" by Lakshmi Kumari P, Sumathi S.(b)

3. Anti radical properties

In the examination of phenolic extracts of kodo and pearl millet whole grains, dehulled grains, and hulls and its antioxidant properties found that Antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts were in the order hull > whole grain > dehulled grain. Dehulling reduced the antioxidant potential of whole millet grains. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids were the major hydroxycinnamic acids, and their contents ranged from 17.8 to 1685 μg/g defatted meal and from 3.5 to 680 μg/g defatted meal, respectively, according to the study of "Bioactivities and antiradical properties of millet grains and hulls" by Chandrasekara A, Shahidi F.(c)

4. Hyperlipidemic and cardiovascular effects

In the evaluation of whole grain consumption and their effects on lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and the inflammation in hyperlipidemic rats found that FM and proso millet may prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing plasma triglycerides in hyperlipidemic rats, according to the study of "Millet consumption decreased serum concentration of triglyceride and C-reactive protein but not oxidative status in hyperlipidemic rats" by Lee SH, Chung IM, Cha YS, Park Y.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health Benefits according to the concentration

1. Manganese

It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(2)

2. Tryptophan

Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(3)

3. Magnesium

Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(4) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(5)

4. Etc.

C. Other health Benefits

1. Lignan
Lignan is one of phytonutrients helped to occupy the estrogen receptors, thus reducing our body exposures to the bad estrogen produced by the body, that not only helps to regulate the normal menstrual cycle and decreases the risk of breast canceraccording to the study of "Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle" by Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS, posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that a significant specific role for lignans in the relationship between diet and sex steroid action, and possibly between diet and the risk of breast and other hormonally dependent cancers, and "Spirocyclic lignans from Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae) induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines" by Chavez KJ, Feng X, Flanders JA, Rodriguez E, Schroeder FC.

2. Cardiovascular disease

Since millet contains high levels of selenium, one of the powerful antioxidant that helps to reduce the oxidation of bad cholesterol and harden the blood vessels walls, thus reducing the risk of heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Serum selenium and prognosis in cardiovascular disease: results from the AtheroGene study" by Lubos E, Sinning CR, Schnabel RB, Wild PS, Zeller T, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Lackner KJ, Peetz D, Loscalzo J, Münzel T, Blankenberg S., posted in PubMed, researchers found that low selenium concentration was associated with future cardiovascular death in patients with ACS.

3. Asthma

Beside it is important in maintaining the ratio of calcium for bone healthy, magnesium also improves the lung function in absorbing of oxygen by preventing the bronchial passages from going into spasm and promoting muscle relaxation after contraction, according to the study of' Serum micronutrient concentrations and childhood asthma: the PIAMA birth cohort study" by van Oeffelen AA, Bekkers MB, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Haveman-Nies A, van der A DL, Jansen EH, Wijga AH., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that our study contributes to the evidence that children with higher serum magnesium concentrations are less likely to have asthma. The associations between serum vitamin D concentrations and asthma were age-dependent.

4. Constipation and diabetes

Since millet contains high amount of fibers, it not only promotes the digestive track in expelling stool, according to the study of "A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated pediatric patients" by Castillejo G, Bulló M, Anguera A, Escribano J, Salas-Salvadó J., but also slows the release of the glucose into the blood stream, thus reducing the stress of pancreas in production of insulin, thus decreasing the risk of type II diabetes, according to the study of "Influence of dietary fibre intake on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAM, report 26)" by Ganesan S, Raman R, Kulothungan V, Sharma T., posted in PubMed, researchers found that The presence of diabetic retinopathy, sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy and microalbuminuria were also associated with lower dietary fibre intake.

5. Bone and kidney

Beside it is essential in bone formation, according to the study of "Phosphorus nutrition and the treatment of osteoporosis" by Heaney RP., phosphorus also enhances the kidneys in performing its function of ensuring proper release of wastes by the process of excretion, according to the study of "Vitamin D metabolism in the kidney: Regulation by phosphorus and fibroblast growth factor 23" by Perwad F, Portale AA., posted in PubMed.

6. Etc.

Sides effects
Millet is not a commonly allergenic food and not known to contain measurable amounts of oxalates or purines.

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources

(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8496705

(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12602929
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534332

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12870295

(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072339

(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268

(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695768

(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951617

Whole grain- Quinoa (Chenopodium) (Revised Edition)

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Quinoa
Quinoa is an ancient food that is not yet well known in North America. It has been cultivated in South American since at least 3,000 B.C. It is a genus Chenopodium, belongs to family Amaranthaceae, a grain-like crop grown primarily for its edible seeds.

Nutritional supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Starch
3. Dietary fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin E
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Magnesium
14. Phosphorus
15. Selenium
16. Copper
17. Zinc
18. Etc

Health benefits
A. Health Benefits according to researches
1. Cholesterol
In the assessment of Chenopodium quinoa seeds and its effect in cholesterol levels found that the quinoa seeds were added into the diet the decrease of HDL level was inhibited. Quinoa seeds did not prevent any adverse effect of increasing triglyceride level caused by fructose, accoesing to the study of "Effect of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa) in diet on some biochemical parameters and essential elements in blood of high fructose-fed rats" by Paśko P, Zagrodzki P, Bartoń H, Chłopicka J, Gorinstein S.(a)

2. Antioxidants
In the investigation of quinoa seeds and its antioxidant effects found that quinoa seeds can act as a moderate protective agent against potential of fructose-induced changes in rats by reducing lipid peroxidation and by enhancing the antioxidant capacity of blood (plasma) and heart, kidney, testis, lung and pancreas, according to "Effect of diet supplemented with quinoa seeds on oxidative status in plasma and selected tissues of high fructose-fed rats" by Pasko P, Barton H, Zagrodzki P, Izewska A, Krosniak M, Gawlik M, Gawlik M, Gorinstein S.(b)

3. Nutrients
In the demonstration of Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd and their nurients fact found thatThe quinoa is an excellent example of 'functional food' that aims at lowering the risk of various diseases. Functional properties are given also by minerals, vitamins, fatty acids and antioxidants that can make a strong contribution to human nutrition, particularly to protect cell membranes, with proven good results in brain neuronal functions. Its minerals work as cofactors in antioxidant enzymes, adding higher value to its rich proteins. Quinoa also contains phytohormones, which offer an advantage over other plant foods for human nutrition, according to"Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: a review" by Vega-Gálvez A, Miranda M, Vergara J, Uribe E, Puente L, Martínez EA.(c)

4. Eating behavior
In the evaluation of some alternative crops (for example, buckwheat, oat, barley, spelt, rye, quinoa, amaranth) and their effect in eating behavior found that Satiating efficiency indices (SEI) for alternative crop foods were higher with respect to traditional cereal foods. In particular, white bread was the least satisfying food (SEI =0.2) and the different time of consumption (for lunch or as a snack) did not affect energy intake. In conclusion, oat or buckwheat formulations, and also quinoa, may be exploited for their potential impact on eating behaviour, particularly considering they are good sources of functional substances, according to "Effect on appetite control of minor cereal and pseudocereal products" by Berti C, Riso P, Brusamolino A, Porrini M.(d)

5. Glucose response
In observation of quinoa and its Glucose response found that there were no significant differences observed between the (are under the cuvre) AUCs of insulin responses to all products tested. Glycemic index (GI) for GF (gluten-free foods) pasta was similar to GI for GF bread while GI for quinoa was slightly lower than that of GF pasta and bread. Two-way ANOVA revealed that quinoa induced lower FFA levels with respect to GF pasta, according to the study of " In vitro starch digestibility and in vivo glucose response of gluten-free foods and their gluten counterparts" by Berti C, Riso P, Monti LD, Porrini M.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health Benefits according to the concentration
1. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(2)

2. Megnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(3) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(4)

3. Iron
Beside as a mineral in carrying life-giving oxygen to human blood cells and maintaining robust health as an essential protein component for metabolism, it also helps in synthesis of a number of essential neurotransmitters like dopamine, nor-epinephrine, along with serotonin. acccording to the study of "Brain Iron Dysregulation and the Risk of Ageing White Matter Lesions" by Gebril OH, Simpson JE, Kirby J, Brayne C, Ince PG., posted in PubMed, researchers found that The mRNA expression using QPCR suggests a pattern that favours decreased intracellular iron influx, increased ferrous oxidation and increased iron export from the cells. Iron metabolism seems to be changed in brains with WML, increased elemental iron in these brains and in turn increased production of free oxidative radicals could represent a potentiating factor for the development of ageing WML. .

4. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(5)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Prostate health
Since quinoa contains a measure amount of zinc, it helps to
a. Reduce the risk of prostate enlargement, according to the study of 1,320 men over the age of 40 in the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)., posted in Pubmed, researchers concluded that a protective effect of zinc intake on cadmium-induced prostatic injury, and may provide further rationale for investigating the impact of these factors individually and jointly on the etiology of prostate cancer.
b. improve the test in normal sperm production, thus reducing the risk of sperm causes of infertility. In the study of "An Overview of the Genitourinary System" White JM ., posted in PubMed, researcher indicated that Although sperm production and transport may be impaired and erectile dysfunction may be present, most patients present for evaluation of the male genital tract because of inflammatory processes and tumors of these organs. The interaction between the urinary tract and male genital organs, such as the prostate, often creates diagnostic challenges for the clinician.

2. DNA repair and replication
Zinc plays a key role in DNA replication and repair because of it function as a component of chromatin (according to the study of "Intra-individual variation of the sperm chromatin structure assay DNA fragmentation index in men from infertile couples" by Oleszczuk K, Giwercman A, Bungum M., posted in PubMed, researchers found that despite showing a high intra-individual CV for DFI, 85% of the men from infertile couples did not change category between tests, with respect to the cut-off level of 30%. Thus, using the previously established DFI cut-off value of 30%, a single SCSA analysis has a high predictive value for assessing fertility in vivo.) and antioxidant enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (according to the study of "Tolerance of spermatogonia to oxidative stress is due to high levels of Zn and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase" Celino FT, Yamaguchi S, Miura C, Ohta T, Tozawa Y, Iwai T, Miura T., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that the presence of high levels of Cu/Zn SOD and Zn render spermatogonia resistant to ROS, and consequently protected from oxidative stress. These findings provide the biochemical basis for the high tolerance of spermatogonia to oxidative stress).

3. Oxidation
Since its contains a measure of selenium and vitamin E, it increases the immune function fighting against the oxidation of bad cholesterol (LDL) (according tothe study of "Protective role of intraperitoneally administrated vitamin E and selenium on the levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of muscle and liver tissues in rats" by Yilmaz O, Celik S, Cay M, Naziroğlu M., posted in PubMed, researchers found that the level of total lipid and cholesterol in muscle and liver tissues were reduced by administrating vitamin E and Se together. Additionally, the fatty acid synthesis in the muscle and liver tissues was decreased by this process) and prevent plague accumulated cause of Atherosclerosis (according to the study of 'Vitamin-mineral supplementation and the progression of atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" by Bleys J, Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Appel LJ, Guallar E., posted in PubMed) thus reducing the risk of heart diseases and hypertension.

4. Lignans
As we mentioned from the past article, lignan plays an important role in reducing the risk of abnormal menstrual cycle and enhancing the chance of fertility by occupying the receptors site with weak estrogen due to its function as a member of phytonutrients. According to the research of "Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle" by Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS., posted in PubMed, researchers wrote in the conclusion that Our data suggest a significant specific role for lignans in the relationship between diet and sex steroid action, and possibly between diet and the risk of breast and other hormonally dependent cancers.

5. Etc
Side effects
1. Oxalates
Oxalates in quinoa may cause problem for people with kidney diseases.
2. Etc.

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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21104320
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20354792
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20814881
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277791
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12870295
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072339
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695768
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951617
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

whole grain - Spelt (Triticum spelta) (Revised Edition)

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Spelt

Spelt (Triticum spelta) is considered as a subspecies of common wheat, in genus Tritium and belong to family Poaceae originated from Transcaucasia, north of the Black Sea. It now grows only in Central Europe as a health food.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Starch
3. Dietary fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin E
11. Copper
12. Iron
13. Magnesium
14. Manganese
15. Phosphorus
16. Zinc
17. Etc

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to researches
1. Cholesterol
In the assessment of wheat bran and other sources of dietary fibre and their effects on cholesterol levels found that addition of bran (on average 38 g/day) to a low-fibre diet caused an increase in the level of serum cholesterol by on average 0.34 mmol/l (P less than or equal to 0.005). The amount and type of dietary fibre had no substantial effect on the HDL-cholesterol concentration, accoding to the study of "Increase of serum cholesterol in man fed a bran diet" by Stasse-Wolthuis M, Katan MB, Hermus RJ, Hautvast JG.(a)

2. Cytotoxicity
In the measurement in terms of inhibition of cell growth, activation of apoptosis against human colon cancer Caco-2/TC7 found that the resdult have shown a constant and significant toxic effect of spelt wheat which is not shared by the two other ancient cereals. Future studies on celiac intestinal organ cultures are needed to increase the prospects of breeding programs aimed at developing wheat cultivars potentially tolerated by most celiac patients, according to "Environmental factors of celiac disease: cytotoxicity of hulled wheat species Triticum monococcum, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum and T. aestivum ssp. spelta" by
Vincentini O, Maialetti F, Gazza L, Silano M, Dessi M, De Vincenzi M, Pogna NE.(b)

3. Cardiovascular effects
In the investigation of increased consumption of whole-grain foods and its effect in cardiovascular diseases found that daily consumption of 3 portions of whole-grain foods can significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged people mainly through blood pressure-lowering mechanisms. The observed decrease in systolic blood pressure could decrease the incidence of coronary artery disease and stroke by ≥15% and 25%, respectively, according to "Effect of increased consumption of whole-grain foods on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged persons: a randomized controlled trial" by Tighe P, Duthie G, Vaughan N, Brittenden J, Simpson WG, Duthie S, Mutch W, Wahle K, Horgan G, Thies F.(c)

4. Diabetes and heart diseases
In the assessment of whole-grain intake to be inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart diseasefound that Insulin sensitivity may be an important mechanism whereby whole-grain foods reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, according to "Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults" by Pereira MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Pins JJ, Raatz SK, Gross MD, Slavin JL, Seaquist ER.(4)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to the concentration
1. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(2)

2. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(3)

3. Phosphorus
Phosphorus forms an important part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, according to the study of "Alterations in phosphorus, calcium and PTHrP contribute to defects in dental and dental alveolar bone formation in calcium-sensing receptor-deficient mice" by Sun W, Sun W, Liu J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D.(4)

4. Etc.

C. Others health benefits
1. Nervous system
Spelt contains high amount of manganese, a powerful antioxidant beside helping to prevent the forming of free radicals, it also is essential for enhancing the brain cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in other parts of the body.. according to the study of "Role of manganese in neurodegenerative diseases" by Bowman AB, Kwakye GF, Herrero Hernández E, Aschner M., posted in PubMe (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21963226), reserachers found that with a brief survey on the potential role of Mn in the etiologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and prion disease. Where possible, we discuss the mechanistic commonalities inherent to Mn-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders.

2. Niacin
Niacin beside improves the function of circulatory system in transporting blood to the body ( according to the study of "[The effect of a dimenhydrinate combination of the cardiovascular system and cerebral blood circulation in the anaesthetized dog].[Article in German]", by Hahn N, Felix R, Sonnenfeld A, Babour A, Heidari S., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/235268), researchers concluded that in view of our results the central effect of dimenhydrinate combined with niacin and pyridoxine-HCl hypothetically may be improved by metabolic influences on the cells and their membranes), it also plays an essential role in fighting against free radical from oxidizing bad cholesterol (LDL) leading to hardening the walls of blood vessel, (According to the study of "Attenuation of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by niacin. A potential link between lipid lowering and fibrinolysis" Brown SL, Sobel BE, Fujii S., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641354), researchers indicated that niacin, by decreasing PAI-1 expression, may potentiate fibrinolysis, thereby decreasing the stimulation of atherogenesis by clot-associated mitogens associated with microthrombi. Furthermore, the results imply that a pathogenetic link may exist between intracellular lipid metabolism and regulation of expression of fibrinolytic system components.

3. Cholesterol
By binding to the bile acids and expelling them as a waste product, fiber helps to remove bad cholesterol, according to the study of "Hypolipidemic effect of fresh Triticum aestivum (wheat) grass juice in hypercholesterolemic rats" by Kothari S, Jain AK, Mehta SC, Tonpay SD., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21485304), researchers worte that The results of present study revealed hypolipidemic effect of Triticum aestivum GJ in hypercholesterolemic rats by increasing fecal cholesterol excretion. Fresh GJ could have potentially beneficial effect in atherosclerosis associated with hyperlipidemia.

4. Type II diabetes
Magnesium beside is important in maintaining the ratio of potassium for the lymphatic in regulating the fluid in the body, it also a cofactor for the enzymes which are responsible for the secretion of glucose, thus reducing the risk of type II diabetes. According to the study of "Effects of improved glycaemic control on calcium and magnesium homeostasis in type II diabetes" by McBain AM, Brown IR, Menzies DG, Campbell IW., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3192752), researchers found that patients receiving glipizide exhibited little change in either magnesium or calcium excretion but showed a significant rise in serum magnesium.

5. Irregular cell growth
Lignans, one of the phytoestrogens helps to bind the estrogen receptor site, thus reducing the strong estrogen being produced by liver, thus reducing the risk of breast cancer and enhancing the regular menstrual cycle, according to the study of "Anticancer Lignans - from Discovery to Biotechnology" by Ionkova I., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762103) researchers concluded that Due to the pharmaceutical importance and the low content in the plants the present review focuses on discovery and alternative production systems for anticancer lignans - aryltetralin and arylnaphthalene lignans.

6. Etc.

Side effects

1. Spelt contains a measure amount of gluten, it can cause gluten-sensitive to some people.
2. Allegic effects
In the investigation of Gliadin was isolated from wheat flour by two step 60% ehanolic extraction of various species of wheat. and their anti allergic effects found that showed different content of immunogenic gliadin epitopes in various species of wheat. They also point for new effort to elucidate is there a need to develop new standard antigen, the representative mixture of gliadin isolated from local wheat species used for bread production in corresponding geographic region for ELISA diagnostic tests, according to the study of "Different levels of humoral immunoreactivity to different wheat cultivars gliadin are present in patients with celiac disease and in patients with multiple myeloma" by Konic-Ristic A, Dodig D, Krstic R, Jelic S, Stankovic I, Ninkovic A, Radic J, Besu I, Bonaci-Nikolic B, Jojic N, Djordjevic M, Popovic D, Juranic Z.(6)
3. Etc.

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Whole Grains - Rye (Cereale) Grain Health Benefits and Side Effects

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Rye
Rye is a member of wheat tribe, a grass grown as a forage crop and genus Cereale belong to family Poaceae. Rye grain has been cultivated for foods to be eaten whole, boiled rye berries, rolled, etc. and used used for flour, rye bread, rye beer, etc.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrate
2. Proteins
3. Fiber
4. Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
5. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
6. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
7. Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
8. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
9. Vitamin E
10. Manganese
11. Iron
12. Copper
13. Zinc
14. Selenium
15. Magnesium
16. Etc.

Health benefits

A. Health Benefits according to studies

1. Nutritional values

In the investigation of Rye gain and the effects of enzyme supplementation found that in the 60% rye diets, the enzyme addition increased the dietary AMEn (enzyme supplementation on the bioavailable energy)and APD(apparent protein digestibility) by 23 and 12%, respectively, compared with the unsupplemented diet, according to "The effects of enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of rye grain (Secale cereale) for the young broiler chick" by Friesen OD, Guenter W, Rotter BA, Marquardt RR.(a)

2. Digestive enhancers

In the observation of the effects of feeding a rye-based diet supplement and its effect on digestive system found with commercial enzyme preparation containing xylanase and beta-glucanase that exogenous enzymes improved nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken performance, probably by improving the absorption capacity ofthe small intestine through increased villus surface and intestinal concentration of conjugated bile acids, acccording to the study of "Xylanase and beta-glucanase supplementation improve conjugated bile acid fraction in intestinal contents and increase villus size of small intestine wall in broiler chickens fed a rye-based diet" by Mathlouthi N, Lallès JP, Lepercq P, Juste C, Larbier M.(b)

3. Diabetes

In the demonstration of Rye products and its lower the acute insulin demand effect found that Rye products, rich in indigestible carbohydrates, induce colonic fermentation already post the breakfast meal, and lowers acute insulin responses, according to the study of "Effects of cereal breakfasts on postprandial glucose, appetite regulation and voluntary energy intake at a subsequent standardized lunch; focusing on rye products" by Rosén LA, Ostman EM, Björck IM.(c)

4. Etc.

B. Health benefuits according to the concentration

1. Manganese

It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(2)

2. Dietary Fibers

Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(3)

3. Selenium

In the investigation of genistin and selenium and their effect in breast cancer found that Supplementation of genistin alone or with selenium provided antioxidant defense with high-potential chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors more than selenium alone, according to "Prevention of rat breast cancer by genistin and selenium" by Hamdy SM, Latif AK, Drees EA, Soliman SM.(4)

4. Tryptophan

C. Other Health Benefits

1. Weight loss
Rye grain can help to lose weight because it contains high amount of fibers that have an unusually high water binding capacity which causes it to expand in the intestines, thus reducing the risk of food craving causes of weight gain. According to the study of Free-living, overweight and obese adults (N=204, body mass index 25 to 45) with baseline LDL cholesterol levels 130 to 200 mg/dL (3.4 to 5.2 mmol/L) were randomized; 144 were included in the main analysis of participants who completed the trial without significant protocol violations, conduceted by Provident Clinical Research, Glen Ellyn, posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102847), researchers filed the conclusion that Consumption of a whole-grain RTE oat cereal as part of a dietary program for weight loss had favorable effects on fasting lipid levels and waist circumference.

2. Type II diabetes
Since Rye grain releases the sugar slowly into blood stream, it helps to improve the function of beta cell in secreting insulin from pancreas, thus reducing the risk of type II diabetes., according to the study of "High-fiber rye bread and insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy postmenopausal women" by Juntunen KS, Laaksonen DE, Poutanen KS, Niskanen LK, Mykkänen HM., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540398), reserachers found that High-fiber rye bread appears to enhance insulin secretion, possibly indicating improvement of b cell function.

3. Heart diseases
Beside as an important mineral in protecting the bone density by aiding the absorption of calcium, magnesium improves the normal heart rhythm and prevents the heart from abnormal clotting, according to the study of "Magnesium and cardiovascular system" by Shechter M., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353903), researcher found that These studies are cost effective, easy to handle and are relatively free of adverse effects, which gives magnesium a role in treating CAD patients, especially high-risk groups such as CAD patients with heart failure.

4. Phytonutrients
Since it contains lignan, it reduces the risk of cancer caused by high levels of bad estrogen from the women body, such as breast cancer., According to the study of "Dietary lignan intakes in relation to survival among women with breast cancer: the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study"McCann SE, Thompson LU, Nie J, Dorn J, Trevisan M, Shields PG, Ambrosone CB, Edge SB, Li HF, Kasprzak C, Freudenheim JL., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033482), reserachers indicated that our results suggest that higher lignan intakes may be associated with improved survival among postmenopausal women with breast cancer.

5. Free radicals
As a component of manganese super oxide dismutase enzyme, manganese is a powerful antioxidant that enhances the immune function in destroying the free radicals as a result of cells oxidation, according to the study of "The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in inflammation defense" by Li C, Zhou HM., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21977313), researchers filed the conclusion in Abstract that Treatment of a rat model of lung pleurisy with the MnSOD mimetic MnTBAP suppressed the inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner.

6. Etc.

Side effects

1. Gluten

Gluten in rye grain can cause gluten sensitivity to some people.
2. Etc.

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1784572
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462242
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21247415

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12870295
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072339
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22089659
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268

Whole Grains - Corn (Zea mays)'s Health Benefits and Side Effects

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Corn
Corn is a variety of maize with a high sugar content and prepared as a vegetable. It is a tall plant grass that has large ears with many seeds or kernels. Because of its commercial values, it has been growth in suitable climate all over the world for human consumption and animal foods.

Nutritional supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Essential Amino Acids
7. Vitamin A
8. Thiamine (Vit. B1)
9.. Niacin (Vit. B3)
10. Folate (Vit. B9)
11. Vitamin C
12. Iron
29.Magnesium
13.Potassium
14. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health Benefits according to studies
1. Oxidative Stress
In the determination of the contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonols, flavanols, and anthocyanins of purple corn (Zea mays L.) extracts and their anti oxidative stress found that extract contained various bioactive phenolic compounds that exhibited considerable in vitro antioxidant activity, which correlated well with the decreased MDA formation and increase in activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes observed in the isolated mouse organs, according to "Purple Corn (Zea mays L.) Phenolic Compounds Profile and Its Assessment as an Agent Against Oxidative Stress in Isolated Mouse Organs" by Ramos-Escudero F, Mu Oz AM, Alvarado-Ort Z C, Alvarado N, Y Ez JA.(a)

2. Antioxidant activity
In the evaluation of the antioxidative phytochemicals of corn and its effect onreducing risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cataract, and aged-related functional decline found that drying at ambient temperatures (27 degrees C). Alkaline hydrolysates showed very high TPC( total phenolic content), ACL(antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble substances), and ORAC(radical absorbance capacity) values when compared to methanol and HCl/methanol extracts. High-amylose corn had a better antioxidant capacity than did typical (nonmutant) corn genotypes, according to the study of "High-amylose corn exhibits better antioxidant activity than typical and waxy genotypes" by Li W, Wei CV, White PJ, Beta T.(b)

3. Ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids
In the investigation of the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in maize kernels ant it impacts on human and livestock health, found that An 11-bp insertion in the last exon of Zmfatb decreases palmitic acid content and concentration, leading to an optimization of the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids while having no effect on total oil content, according to the study of "An 11-bp insertion in Zea mays fatb reduces the palmitic acid content of fatty acids in maize grain" by Li L, Li H, Li Q, Yang X, Zheng D, Warburton M, Chai Y, Zhang P, Guo Y, Yan J, Li J.(c)

4. Carotenoid
In the analyzing the nutritional value of staple crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its seed Carotenoid found that By focusing on different steps in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, it is also possible to generate plants with enhanced levels of several nutritionally-beneficial carotenoid molecules simultaneously, according to the study of "Nutritious crops producing multiple carotenoids--a metabolic balancing act" by Farré G, Bai C, Twyman RM, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C.(d)

5. Digestive function
In the investigation of L-arginine supplements found in maize and soyabean and theirs effect on intestinal development of weaned piglet, found that indicate that arginine supplementation enhances intestinal growth, development and expression of VEGF in early-weaned pigs fed a maize- and soyabean meal-based diet, according to the study of "Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances intestinal development and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in weanling piglets" by Yao K, Guan S, Li T, Huang R, Wu G, Ruan Z, Yin Y.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health Benefits according to the concentration
1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine or thiamin)
With the concentration of 25% in one cup of corn, corn may be beneficial in preventing and treating Diabetes and Heart Disease as vitamin B1 analog benfotiamine (BFT) improved cardiac perfusion and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis. In hearts of untreated diabetic mice, the expression and activity of Akt/Pim-1 signaling declined along with O-N-acetylglucosamine modification of Akt, inhibition of pentose phosphate pathway, activation of oxidative stress, and accumulation of glycation end products, according to the study of "Vitamin B1 analog benfotiamine prevents diabetes-induced diastolic dysfunction and heart failure through Akt/Pim-1-mediated survival pathway" by Katare RG, Caporali A, Oikawa A, Meloni M, Emanueli C, Madeddu P.(1)

2. Folate
In the investigation of the prevalence and multifactorial etiology of anemia among Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and its effect on anemia, found that Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, is highly prevalent among children with HIV infection. Micronutrient supplements (iron and, folate) combined with ART(antiretroviral therapy) improved anemia in HIV-infected children, according to "The prevalence and etiology of anemia among HIV-infected children in India" by Shet A, Arumugam K, Rajagopalan N, Dinakar C, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta S, Shet AS.(2)

3. Dietary fibers
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treat
a. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(3)

b. Cholesterol and cardivascular diseases, as the soluble fiber content of legumes and vegetables has also been shown to decrease LDL-C. Current investigations continue to explore this area in depth and examine potential synergies between dietary fiber and other phytochemicals that may lower cholesterol, according to the study of "Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk" by Bazzano LA.(4)

4. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(5)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. L-Arginine
L-Arginine besides is a basic component in all cells and the building blocks of protein, it also
is important for nitric oxide synthesis that helps the blood vessel to relax and increases blood flow through out the body, including the reprodtive oragans and heart , thus reducing the risk of infertility (according to the study of "[Effect of L-arginine and polyamines on sperm motility].
[Article in Spanish]" byMéndez JD, Hernández MP., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8359705), researchers indicated that It has been suggested that these polyamines have important role as initiators in the spermatic motility processes. Some practical uses for L-arginine are proposed) and heart diseases (according to the study of "Therapeutic role of L-arginine on free radical scavenging system in ischemic heart diseases" by Tripathi P, Misra MK., Posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361713) researchers concluded that The present study demonstrates that L-arginine administration may be beneficial to patients with myocardial ischemic disorders, such as acute myocardial infarction and acute angina

2. Threonine
As an essential amino acid, threonine not only helps to reduce the liver fat, but also enhances the balancing of immune system in terms of antibody production to protect from infection and inflammation caused by wound or cut, according to the article of Threonine posted in healthvitaminsguide.com (http://www.healthvitaminsguide.com/aminoacids/threonine.htm)

3. Lysine
Beside promoting bone growth and development by enhancing the body in absorption of calcium (according to the stdy of "Increased metabolism of bone collagen in post-menopausal female osteoporotic femoral heads" Mansell JP, Bailey AJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12565712) it also helps to build muscle protein and repair tissues, if used combination with vitamin C. (according to the study of "Extracellular matrix-mediated control of aortic smooth muscle cell growth and migration by a combination of ascorbic acid, lysine, proline, and catechins" by Ivanov V, Ivanova S, Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18030064)

4. Methionine
Beside helping to helps break down the fatty acids to prevent plague clotting up the arterial walls, it also promotes the immune function in fighting against the forming of free radicals and normalize the body metabolism and growth, according to the study of "Methioninase: a therapeutic for diseases related to altered methionine metabolism and transmethylation: cancer, heart disease, obesity, aging, and Parkinson's disease" by Hoffman RM, posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9234067), researchers wrote that Most importantly, we review and hypothesize how the developing therapeutic recombination methioninase (rMETase) can be utilized to cure or prevent all of these diseases.

5. Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is not said to be effective in treating chronic pain (according to the article of "Analgesic effectiveness of D-phenylalanine in chronic pain patients" by Walsh NE, Ramamurthy S, Schoenfeld L, Hoffman J.posted in PubMed (but also prevents the dvelopment of depression., according to the study of "Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis" by Wurtman RJ, Hefti F, Melamed E., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6115400)

6. Etc.

Side effect ^{1. Since it is grow for commercial profit corn may be genetic modifying, and the side effects are still unknown
2. Etc.

Sources}^{(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22082063
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227056
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21931818
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900035
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219670

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107192
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009132
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332}(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937894
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160185

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Whole Grains - Buckwheat's Health Benefits and Side Effects

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Buckwheat is genus Fagopyrum, belong to Family Polygonaceae. It is not related to any other wheat, and consequently is an excellent rotation crop in small grain cropping systems. Buckwheat is adapted to a wide variety of soils and climates, and now is available throughout the year and can be served as an alternative to other whole grains.

Nutritional supplements
1. Protein
2. Carbohydrate
3. Dietary fiber
4. Vitamin B1
5. Vitamin B2
6. Vitamin E
6. Phosphorus
7. Magnesium
8. Copper
9. Iron,
10.calcium and
11.Selenium
12. Manganese
13. Zinc
14. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to the studies
1. Antioxidant activity
in the investigation of buckwheat samples (Xingku No.2 and Diqing) grown at three locations were analyzed for free and bound phenolic content and its antioxidant effects found that additionally, growing conditions and the interaction between variety and environment may have more contribution than variety to individual phenolics and antioxidant properties of tartary buckwheat. Environmental parameters such as higher altitudes may also have an increasing effect on rutin and phenolic acids. according to "Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of tartary buckwheat from different locations" by Guo XD, Ma YJ, Parry J, Gao JM, Yu LL, Wang M.(a)

2. Anti-fatigue properties
In the evaluation of tartary buckwheat extracts (TBE) and its anti-fatigue effect found that tartary buckwheat extracts had anti-fatigue properties, which extended the exhaustive swimming time of mice, effectively inhibiting the increase of BLA, decreasing the level of BUN, increasing the tissue glycogen content and the activities of SOD and GPx of mice, according to "Anti-fatigue properties of tartary buckwheat extracts in mice" by Jin HM, Wei P.(b)

3. Anti pathogenic bacteria and insulin resistance effects
In the observation of d-Fagomine, an iminosugar found seeds of buckwheat and its anti pathogenic bacteria and insulin resistance effects found that d-fagomine significantly (P < 0·001) inhibited the adhesion of Enterobacteriaceae (95-99 % cells in the supernatant) and promoted the adhesion of Lactobacillus acidophilus (56 % cells in the supernatant) to intestinal mucosa. d-Fagomine did not show any effect on bacterial cell viability. Based on all this evidence, d-fagomine may be used as a dietary ingredient or functional food component to reduce the health risks associated with an excessive intake of fast-digestible carbohydrates, or an excess of potentially pathogenic bacteria, according to the study of "d-Fagomine lowers postprandial blood glucose and modulates bacterial adhesion" by Gómez L, Molinar-Toribio E, Calvo-Torras MA, Adelantado C, Juan ME, Planas JM, Cañas X, Lozano C, Pumarola S, Clapés P, Torres JL.(c)

4. Myeloperoxidase and cholesterol
In the investigation of investigated of the intake of common buckwheat (low rutin content) and tartary buckwheat cookies (high rutin content) on selected clinical markers found that intake of tartary buckwheat cookies with high level of the antioxidant rutin may reduce levels of MPO, an indicator of inflammation. Moreover, intake of both types of buckwheat cookies may lower cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Eating buckwheat cookies is associated with the reduction in serum levels of myeloperoxidase and cholesterol: a double blind crossover study in day-care centre staffs" by Wieslander G, Fabjan N, Vogrincic M, Kreft I, Janson C, Spetz-Nyström U, Vombergar B, Tagesson C, Leanderson P, Norbäck D.(d)

5. Antidiabetic effects
In the examination of buckwheat sprouts (BS) (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism found that BS have various in vivo activities in relation to antidiabetic effects in type 2 diabetic mice, especially for improvement in lipid metabolism. It was deduced that excretion of bile acids in feces by feeding the BS diet would contribute to the suppression of the cholesterol concentration in the plasma and liver tissues of mice, according to "Effects of buckwheat sprouts on plasma and hepatic parameters in type 2 diabetic db/db mice" by Watanabe M, Ayugase J.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to the concentration
1. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(2)

2. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(3)

3. Magnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(3) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(4)

4. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Flavonoids
one of many plant antioxidant that only increases the immune system in protect our body against the the progression of cancer-promoting hormones attaching to healthy cells, but also destroys, as a result protecting cells in DNA replication, according to the study of "Targeting inflammatory pathways by flavonoids for prevention and treatment of cancer" by Prasad S, Phromnoi K, Yadav VR, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635307) researchers found that The present review describes various flavones, flavanones, flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins, and chalcones derived from fruits, vegetables, legumes, spices, and nuts that can suppress the proinflammatory cell signaling pathways and thus can prevent and even treat the cancer.

2. Oxidation
Buckwheat contains a measure amount of flavonoids if used combination with vitamin E, it not only can increase the immune system in neutralizing the forming of dangerous free radicals but also fight against free radicals cause of cells damage, according to the study of "Effect of flavonoids on 2'-deoxyguanosine and DNA oxidation caused by singlet molecular oxygen" by Carneiro CD, Amorim JC, Cadena SM, Noleto GR, Di Mascio P, Rocha ME, Martinez GR, posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561949), researchers indicated that compounds, such as flavonoids, may affect the product distribution of (1)O(2)-mediated oxidation of dGuo, and, in particular, high concentrations of flavonoids with hydroxyl groups in their structure lead to an increase in the formation of the mutagenic lesion 8-oxodGuo.

3. Diabetes
Since buckwheat contains high amount of fiber, it not only protect the large intestine against constipation, but also reduces the risk of adult-onset diabetes. by decreasing the stress of pancreas in insulin production as it releases the glucose into blood stream slowly. according to the study of "High-fiber rye bread and insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy postmenopausal women" by Juntunen KS, Laaksonen DE, Poutanen KS, Niskanen LK, Mykkänen HM., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540398), reserachers found that High-fiber rye bread appears to enhance insulin secretion, possibly indicating improvement of b cell function.

4. Atherosclerosis
Since it contain high amount of magnesium, that only helps regulate blood sugar, maintains healthy nerve function and keeps the bones strong, but also enhances the immune system in fighting against cholesterol oxidation, thus decreasing the risk of plague accumulated on the arterial walls, leading to heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Serum and dietary magnesium and risk of ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study" by
Ohira T, Peacock JM, Iso H, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD, Folsom AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372211), researchers found that Dietary magnesium intake was marginally inversely associated with the incidence of ischemic stroke (P(trend) = 0.09). Low serum magnesium levels could be associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke, in part, via effects on hypertension and diabetes.

5. Prostate health
Since it contains a measure amount of zinc, the mineral is necessary to maintain a healthy prostate in production of seminal fluid and quality sperm, thus decreasing the risk of sexual important and infertility, according to the study of 1,320 men over the age of 40 in the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)., posted in Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044729%29researchers concluded that a protective effect of zinc intake on cadmium-induced prostatic injury, and may provide further rationale for investigating the impact of these factors individually and jointly on the etiology of prostate cancer.

6. Etc

Side effect
1. It may cause allergic effect, according to the study of "Clinical manifestations, co-sensitizations, and immunoblotting profiles of buckwheat-allergic patients" by

Heffler E, Nebiolo F, Asero R, Guida G, Badiu I, Pizzimenti S, Marchese C, Amato S, Mistrello G, Canaletti F, Rolla G.(5)
2. Etc.

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Whole Grains - Barley (Hordeum)'s Health Benefits and Side Effects

[Medical Advisor journals] [The world healthy foods List] [The world healthy food recipes]

Barley
Barley is the species of Hordeum vulgare, belongs to Family Poaceae, a wonderfully versatile cereal grain with a rich nut-like flavor. It is one of the most popular cereal crops that can adapt to grow in many regions as healthy foods or animal feeds.

Nutritional supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. Dietary fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
9. Pantothenic acid (B5)
10. Vitamin B6
11. Folate (Vitamin B9)
12. Calcium
13. Iron
14. Magnesium
15. Phosphorus
16. Potassium
17. Zinc
18. Etc.

Health benefits
A. health benefits according to studies
1. Cholesterol-lowering effect
In the investigation of grain breads including whole grain wheat, barley, barley supplemented with HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) and its lowering cholesterol effect found that Taken together, it appears that distinctive modulation of synthesis and excretion of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid contributes to the cholesterol-lowering properties of whole grain barley breads and breads enriched with HPMC, according to "Supplementation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose into yeast leavened all-whole grain barley bread potentiates cholesterol-lowering effect" by Kim H, Turowski M, Anderson WH, Young SA, Kim Y, Yokoyama W.(a)

2. Cardiovascular effects
In the evaluation of the the nutritional quality of adlay (AD), buckwheat (BW, WB) and waxy barley (WB), and theirs effect in cardivascular diseases in obese mice found that Consumption of BW- and WB-containing diets significantly improved several cardiovascular risk factors, according to the study of "Effect of adlay, buckwheat and barley on lipid metabolism and aorta histopathology in rats fed an obesogenic diet" by Son BK, Kim JY, Lee SS.(b)

3. Antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects
in the examination of barley leaf essence (BL) in a rabbit and it anti atherosclerosis effect found that 30% inhibition of hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis by BL was associated with a decrease in plasma lipids and an increase in antioxidative abilities (as measured by T50, lag phase and CL). These results suggest that the antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of BL. according to "Antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects of barley leaf essence in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis" by Yu YM, Wu CH, Tseng YH, Tsai CE, Chang WC.(c)

4. Diabetes
In the observation of whole grains containing soluble fiber and their effects in overweight humans and humans with type 2 diabetes found that Consumption of 10 g of beta-glucan significantly reduced peak glucose response at 30 min and delayed the rate of glucose response. Area under the curve for 2 h-postprandial glycemic response was not affected by beta-glucan content, according to "Glucose and insulin responses to whole grain breakfasts varying in soluble fiber, beta-glucan: a dose response study in obese women with increased risk for insulin resistance" by Kim H, Stote KS, Behall KM, Spears K, Vinyard B, Conway JM.(d)

5. Anti breast cancer
In the analyzing the he crude and partially purified lunasin from barley and its effect in cancer found that barley suppressed colony formation in stably ras-transfected mouse fibroblast cells induced with IPTG, according to the study of "Barley lunasin suppresses ras-induced colony formation and inhibits core histone acetylation in mammalian cells" by Jeong HJ, Lam Y, de Lumen BO.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to the concentration
1. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treat
a. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(1)

b. Cholesterol and cardivascular diseases, as the soluble fiber content of legumes and vegetables has also been shown to decrease LDL-C. Current investigations continue to explore this area in depth and examine potential synergies between dietary fiber and other phytochemicals that may lower cholesterol, according to the study of "Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk" by Bazzano LA.(2)

2.. Selenium

3. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(4)

4. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Free radicals
Although selenium is found in very small quantities in our body, it is one of powerful antioxidants that not only helps to preserve the elasticity of our skin by protecting it against free radical damage but also enhances the immune system in guarding and regulating the normal process of DNA replication in normal cell division., according to the study of "Effect of exercise training, selenium and vitamin E on some free radical scavengers in horses (Equus caballus)" by Avellini L, Chiaradia E, Gaiti A., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10425718), researchers indicated that the training and diet supplements we used were able to significantly increase horse antioxidant defences in both the extracellular fluids and blood cells of our horses, thus decreasing peroxidative phenomena following physical exercise.

2. Phosphorus
Beside it is important in regulating the kidney function in secreting waste and toxin ( according to the study of "Pilot study of dietary phosphorus restriction and phosphorus binders to target fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with chronic kidney disease" Isakova T, Gutiérrez OM, Smith K, Epstein M, Keating LK, Jüppner H, Wolf M., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20631407)).

3. Hemoglobin
Copper and zinc are essential minerals in forming hemoglobin and red blood cells and enhance the absorption of oxygen from lung and nutrient from blood to nourish the cells in the body., according to the study of "Influence of copper, iron, zinc and fe (3) (+) haemoglobin levels on the etiopathogenesis of chronic calcific pancreatitis--a study in patients with pancreatitis" by Arumugam G, Padmanaban M, Krishnan D, Panneerselvam S, Rajagopal S., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809271, researchers found that the results of the present study revealed that the levels of copper and iron, the pro-oxidants and zinc and selenium may influence calcification process in CCP patients. Hypoxia-related tissue injury due to the formation of oxidised haemoglobin may also contribute to the pathogenesis of calcification in pancreas.

4 . Manganese
Manganese beside plays an vital role for the proper and normal growth of human bone structure (accodring to the study of "Bone formation within alumina tubes: effect of calcium, manganese, and chromium dopants" byPabbruwe MB, Standard OC, Sorrell CC, Howlett CR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15109850)), it also helps to reduce the risk of cancer, (according to the study of "The effects of 3, 4 or 5 amino salicylic acids on manganese-induced neuronal death: ER stress and mitochondrial complexes" by Yoon H, Lee GH, Kim DS, Kim KW, Kim HR, Chae HJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477646 researchers indicated that the salicylate analogues and the antioxidants did not mediate ER stress in this model. The salicylate analogues reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reversed the deficient mitochondrial membrane potential that was induced by Mn. Taken together, the 3, 4, 5 ASA worked in a similar way, regulating the Mn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and protecting cells.

5. Constipation
Dietary fiber helps to smooth the function of large intestine in waste secretion because the bulk and soft texture of fiber help hard, dry stools to pass easily, thus reducing the risk of constipation, according to the study of "A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated pediatric patients" by Castillejo G, Bulló M, Anguera A, Escribano J, Salas-Salvadó J.

6. Niacin
Niacin is essential in preventing the oxidation of bad cholesterol (LDL), that causes hardening of the arterial wall, resulting in heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Attenuation of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by niacin. A potential link between lipid lowering and fibrinolysis" Brown SL, Sobel BE, Fujii S., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7641354), researchers indicated that niacin, by decreasing PAI-1 expression, may potentiate fibrinolysis, thereby decreasing the stimulation of atherogenesis by clot-associated mitogens associated with microthrombi. Furthermore, the results imply that a pathogenetic link may exist between intracellular lipid metabolism and regulation of expression of fibrinolytic system components.

7. Etc.

Side effect
1. Gluten grains in barley cam cause problem for some people who are sensitive to gluten due to celiac disease, according to "Liver complications in celiac disease" by Zali MR, Rostami Nejad M, Rostami K, Alavian SM.(5)
2. Etc.

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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21671634
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544971
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12120756
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19205780
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12358457
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937894
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22089659
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22087157